Contributors

Lawrence Freedman was Professor of War Studies at King’s College London from 1982 to 2014 and Vice-Principal from 2003 to 2013. He was educated at Whitley Bay Grammar School and the Universities of Manchester, York, and Oxford. Before joining King’s, he held research appointments at Nuffield College Oxford, IISS, and the Royal Institute of International Affairs. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1995 and was appointed Official Historian of the Falklands Campaign in 1997. He was appointed in June 2009 to serve as a member of the official inquiry into Britain and the 2003 Iraq War, which reported in July 2016. He has written widely on nuclear strategy and defense issues and is the author of numerous books, including, most recently, Strategy: A History (2015) and The Future of War: A History (2017).

Robert Legvold is Marshall D. Shulman Professor Emeritus in the Department of Political Science at Columbia University, where he specialized in the inter- national relations of the post-Soviet states. He was Director of The Harriman Institute, Columbia University, from 1986 to 1992. Prior to coming to Colum- bia in 1984, he served for six years as Senior Fellow and Director of the Soviet Studies Project at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York. From 2008 to 2010, he was project director for “Rethinking U.S. Policy toward Russia” at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. From 2009 to 2012, he was Director of the “Euro-Atlantic Security Initiative” sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and cochaired by Sam Nunn, Wolfgang Ischinger, and Igor Ivanov. He is currently Codirector, with Christopher Chyba, of the American Academy’s project on “Meeting the Challenges of the New Nuclear Age.” His most recent book is Return to Cold War (2016), and his most recent essay, “U.S.-Russian Relations: The Price of Cold War,” was published by the Aspen Institute Congressional Program (June 2018). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2005.

Steven E. Miller is Director of the International Security Program at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School. He is Editor-in-Chief of the journal International Security and coeditor of the International Security Program’s book series, Belfer Center Studies in Interna- tional Security. Previously, he was Senior Research Fellow at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and taught Defense and Arms Control Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is editor or coeditor of more than two dozen books, including The Next Great War: The Roots of World War I and the Risk of US-China Conflict (2014). He also edited two special issues of Daedalus “On the Global Nuclear Future” (with Scott D. Sagan, 2009–2010) and coauthored the American Academy monographs War with Iraq: Costs, Consequences, and Alternatives (2002) and Nuclear Collisions: Discord, Reform, and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime (2012). He is Cochair of the U.S. Pugwash Committee and a member of the Council of International Pugwash. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2006. He serves as a member of the Academy’s Council and as Codirector of the Academy’s Global Nuclear Future Initiative.