Special Section: Science in Everyday Life

Percentage of U.S. Adults Who Say . . .

Note: “Most of the time” combines those who said “almost all” or “more than half” of the time. Respondents who gave other responses on each question or who did not give an answer are not shown. Other source types rated are not shown. 
Margin of error: +/– 1.6. Source: Cary Funk, Jeffrey Gottfried, and Amy Mitchell, Science News and Information Today (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 2017; survey conducted May 30–June 12, 2017).

Among science-related topics, Americans are most interested in news on “health” and “food and nutrition.” A 2017 Pew survey found that more Americans say they regularly get science news from a source that covers general news than from sources that specialize in science topics.55 However, people are more likely to believe that science-specific information sources, such as science museums or documentaries, get their science facts right most of the time. These data also agree with the National Awareness, Attitudes, and Usage study findings that science museums, zoos, aquariums, and natural history museums are more highly trusted compared with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), state and federal agencies, and daily newspapers.56

Endnotes

• 55Funk et al., Science News and Information Today.
• 56Colleen Dilenschneider, “People Trust Museums More than Newspapers: Here is Why that Matters Right Now (DATA),” Colleen Dilenschneider: Know Your Own Bone, https://www.colleendilen.com/2017/04/26/people-trust-museums-more-than-newspapers-here-is-why-that-matters-right-now-data/.

Percentage of Social Media Users Who Say They . . . 

Percentage of Social Media Users Who Say that Social Media is ______ Way They Get Science News:

Percentage of Social Media Users Who Say They ______ Click on Links When They See Science News Posts: 

Percentage of Social Media Users Who Say They ______ the Posts They See about Science:

Margin of error: +/– 1.6. Source: Cary Funk, Jeffrey Gottfried, and Amy Mitchell, Science News and Information Today (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, 2017; survey conducted May 30–June 12, 2017). 

The emergence and growth of social media have caused significant changes in how news and information are shared and experienced. In 2018, 69 percent of U.S. adults reported using at least one social media platform.57 In a separate survey on science news sources, the Pew Research Center found that 26 percent of social media users specifically followed at least one science page or account, whereas 79 percent had seen posts featuring scientific content. Among social media users, 33 percent consider social media to be an impor­tant source of science news, while 52 percent mostly distrust the posts they see about science. The most commonly seen science-related posts on social media were on “strange or weird scientific findings” or “new discoveries.”58

Endnotes

• 57“Social Media Fact Sheet,” Pew Research Center, February 5, 2018, http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/social-media/.
• 58Funk et al., Science News and Information Today.

Percentage of U.S. Adults Who Say They Watch Shows and Movies of Each Type . . .

Percentage of U.S. Adults Who Say Each of the Following Types of Science Shows and Movies Helps/Makes No Difference to/Hurts Their Understanding of Science, Technology, and Medicine:

Margin of error: +/– 1.6. Source: Cary Funk, Jeffrey Gottfried, and Amy Mitchell, Science News and Information Today (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, September 20, 2017; survey conducted May 30–June 12, 2017). 

Americans across demographic groups commonly experience science content through entertainment media. A study of prime-time network programming from 2000 to 2008 found “good” portrayals of scientists to be more common than “bad” depictions, although only about 1 percent of the characters in these shows were characterized as a scientist.59 To date, academic studies on the influence of science in popular culture have focused more on television and movies than games, comic books, or digital media.60 Additional research is therefore necessary to understand fully the impact of popular-culture depictions of science and scientists.

Endnotes

• 59Anthony Dudo, Dominique Brossard, James Shanahan, et al., “Science on Television in the 21st Century: Recent Trends in Portrayals and Their Contributions to Public Attitudes toward Science,” Communication Research 38 (6) (2011): 754–777.
• 60David A. Kirby, “The Changing Popular Images of Science,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication, ed. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 291. 

People are regularly exposed to scientific concepts, new discoveries, and technological advancements as part of general news, social media, and entertainment. While there has been some research on this subject, this landscape is rapidly evolving. More research is needed on the impact of these developing sources and effective approaches for ensuring accuracy of scientific content. Moreover, continued research into the impact of negative narratives about science and effective approaches to addressing these narratives is necessary. 

Evolving Information Sources

• What is the role of social media in disseminating scientific information and spreading misinformation? 
• What role do online databases play in shaping perceptions and understanding of science? How accurate is the scientific information?
• How much scientific content originates from outside the United States? How does access to international science influence perceptions of science in the United States?
• What is the responsibility of search engines to vet information and provide guidance on which websites are the most trustworthy?

The Implications of Encountering “Bad Science”

• How do stories of fraudulent research influence attitudes toward science? What is the influence of stories on conflicts of interest on trust in science? What are the effects of these stories on both the specific field of research and general attitudes toward science?
• How should the scientific community respond to cases of bad science? What are the best practices for discussing these stories in the media? 
• What are the long-term impacts of narratives such as “science is broken”? How does the framing of scientific discoveries influence perceptions of the scientific process and advancements? 

Research Highlight: Applying the Cognitive Sciences to Communication

The field of cognitive sciences can provide insight into effective visual and verbal communication by studying how information is processed or spread within society. For example, data visualization studies can reveal areas of misunderstanding in particular presentations of quantitative information such as a connected scatter plot or dual-axis line graph.61   Of particular importance to the scientific community are recommendations into correcting misinformation on topics such as vaccines, climate change, and genetically modified organisms, on which the scientific consensus has been rejected by different populations of the public.62  

Problem

Solution

Source: Adapted from Stephan Lewandowsky et al., “Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13 (3) (2012).

Endnotes

• 61Steve Haroz, Robert Kosara, and Steve Franconeri, “The Connected Scatterplot for Presenting Paired Time Series,” IEEE Transactions on Visualization & Computer Graphics 1 (2016): 1.
• 62Stephan Lewandowsky, Ulrich K. H. Ecker, Colleen M. Seifert, et al., “Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 13 (3) (2012): 106–131.